Few nations are truly said to be characterised by their railway systems and India's recent history cannot be separated from the growth of its enormous rail system. Railways are one of India's most distinctive features, from the jam-packed commuter trains in Mumbai to the express mail trains that resemble a metropolis on wheels and the latest entrant, the Vande Bharat trains. It is improbable that the nation would have grown into the economic superpower it is today without them. However, as the nation develops, there is growing demand on railways to keep up with the times and provide speedier travel and more freight capacity to support India's developing industries.The Government has invested 35 per cent of GDP in infrastructure. And it is assumed that $ 1.5 trillion is needed to get our infrastructure at the level of other superpowers. This goes hand in hand with the agenda of ‘Make in India’ as good infrastructure is said to be the backbone of manufacturing.Comprising 126,510 km of track in total, the Indian Railways (IR) network is the fourth largest in the world, operating 19,000 trains every day and serving almost 8,000 stations. Further, over 12,700 locomotives are available to haul 76,000 passenger coaches and almost 3 million freight wagons.Quick Bytes:Vande Bharat is being proliferated on the system.Wagon procurement jumped by 77.6 per cent over the previous year to 22,747 wagons.Modern rolling stock of Rs 442.91 billion was procured for better passenger comfort and augmenting loading capacity.A new eraThe Vande Bharat trainset is a momentous achievement in India's efforts to promote domestic manufacturing and achieve self-reliance. While there are challenges and limitations in realising the full potential, it is a step forward in India's journey towards Atmanirbhar Bharat.The Vande Bharat Express, the erstwhile Train 18, was conceptualised, designed, engineered and delivered by a group of engineers from Integral Coach Factory (ICF), Chennai, along with allied rail rolling stock stakeholders. It took just 18 months to build this world-class railway in India, a fraction of the time and money it would have taken to do so elsewhere in the world. Instead of just being an organic continuation of the Railways’ history of building trains, it opened the door for a completely new era in rail transportation.Three years later, the storyline changed to one of hostility, team victimisation and general disappointment. Between 2019 and 2022, just two trains were put into service. However, a changecame on August 15, 2021, when Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that 75 Vande Bharat trains would travel the nation in 75 weeks.The energy abruptly changed direction. The Finance Minister announced in the 2022 Budget that 400 Vande Bharat trains would be produced in three years and ICF once again got into action mode.Since then, 12 more Vande Bharat trains have been rolled out in operation across various routes. All these trains run at almost full capacity with favourable public response.Full speed aheadThe Vande Bharat trains are extremely popular among commuters. With a top speed of 180 kmph and an operational speed of 130 kmph owing to safety concerns, these are the fastest trains in India. The debate over whether there should be so many trains without the necessary infrastructure has obscured the fact that they have fundamentally altered passenger transport. It is estimated that there will be 50 Vande Bharat trains by 2024, and 100 by 2025.The goal of 200 trains by 2025-2026, and around 500 trains four years from now, is certainly achievable with committed planning, preparation and execution. ICF should have no trouble adding an additional 125 trains during this time. Additionally, some sleeper trains might even push the number past 125 trains.Russia’s Transmashholding & Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd and BHEL &Titagarh Wagons consortia have already received orders for the production of 120 and 80 Vande Bharat trains respectively. Delivery will start in 2025-26 and be completed in the next four years. The trains produced during the next five years will all come from the same generation as the first two, albeit many will be sleeper versions.The newer form of 100 Vande Bharat replicas with aluminium bodies and 200 kmph capabilities are supposed to be produced in Sonipat. This needs to be decided upon quickly to elevate the Vande Bharat experience to the level of a truly world-class train. The technical bids for the project were opened some months ago.The 500 Vande Bharat trains, all with the same look and feel, will be running across India in the next five years. That said, the infrastructure needed to support these trains would need to be developed soon.Existing routes of Vande Bharat trains:1. New Delhi - Varanasi Vande Bharat Express2. New Delhi - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra (J&K) Vande Bharat Express3. Gandhinagar- Mumbai Vande Bharat Express4. New Delhi - AmbAndaura in Himachal Pradesh Vande Bharat Express5. Chennai-Mysuru Vande Bharat Express6. Nagpur-Bilaspur Vande Bharat Express7. Howrah - New Jalpaiguri Vande Bharat Express8. Secunderabad-Visakhapatnam Vande Bharat Express9. Mumbai- Solapur Vande Bharat Express10. Mumbai- Shirdi Vande Bharat Express11. Hazrat Nizamuddin- Rani KamlapatiVande Bharat Express12. Secunderabad - Tirupati Vande Bharat Express13. Chennai - Coimbatore Vande Bharat Express14. Ajmer-Delhi Cantt Vande Bharat ExpressUpcoming routes of Vande Bharat trains:1. Patna-Ranchi Vande Bharat Express2. Kannur to Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express3. Bengaluru-Hyderabad Vande Bharat Express4. Bengaluru-Hubballi-Dharwad Vande Bharat ExpressTo be followed by 3-4 page interview of Sudhanshu Mani, Retd. General Manager, ICF, Chennai (The man behind the making of the Vande Bharat trains)Mission Possible?The ambitious order of 90,000 wagons by 2025 is highly dependent on manufacturing andimportof cast iron wheel sets.With the opening of the freight corridors, the ambitious plan of Indian Railways (IR) calls for an addition of 90,000 wagons by 2025. This will have a significant positive impact on domestic wagon manufacturing and enhance the proportion of freight transportation through the railways.Currently, India has the ability to produce between 30,000 and 40,000 wagons annually; however, this capability has typically been underutilised. This forceful move has generated a tonne of orders for wagon manufacturers, which would increase the entire capacity utilisation from a modest 40 per cent to roughly 70-80 per cent in coming years.Growing intensityThe Government has astutely planned to purchase wagons in large quantities to take advantage of cost savings, while also giving wagon manufacturers better visibility into their revenue flow. Historically, IR has never declared orders for more than 10,000 wagons in a single fiscal year. This massive order of 90,000 wagons has substantially boosted the prospects for the sector.It is anticipated that somewhere around 25,000 and 40,000 wagons will be produced annually during the next three years. In the current fiscal year, the flow of orders from the private sector has significantly increased, and this substantial order has added to the opportunity. A modest intensity of pricing is predicted from wagon manufacturers given the strong order pipeline. However, given the current production capacity, it is still questionable whether wheels and axles can be supplied in such a significant quantity within the allotted period.Productivity boostThe average number of wagons purchased by IR annually throughout previous years ranged between 12,000 and 15,000. The National Rail Plan (NRP) predicts that, over the next 10 years, 28,000 to 32,000 wagons will be needed annually to handle planned freight loads. To boost the network's capacity and productivity over the next five years, the NRP plans to modernise the existing IR track network to support a 25-tonne axle load. However, the entire 90,000 wagon fleet purchased under the IR is of 22.9-tonne axle load. The introduction of such a huge number of low-capacity wagons will have a major long-term detrimental impact on the efficiency and productivity of the network given that a wagon has an operational life of 30-35 years.According to Lalit Chandra Trivedi, Ex General Manager, Railways, “Railways, on an average, has been inducting 15,000-16,000 wagons into its fleet every year conventionally. The supply order of 90,000, over a period of three years, is basically doubling the historical annual supply. Most important,this is the first time that an order has a time duration of three years. This will help industry in planning inputs for manufacturing and commit resources for a longer term perspective, helping to bring down cost and improve quality.”IR planned to purchase these 90,000 wagons at a time when steel prices were at their highest point ever. The cost of wagons has increased solely as a result of rising steel prices. Notably, the price of a wagon has increased from Rs 3 million to almost Rs 4 million.Reality checkThe massive wagon procurement plan has also become complicated owing to problems with the sourcing of wheel sets. The only supplier of wheel sets for wagons in India was the Rail Wheel Factory (RWF) in Bengaluru, owned by IR. IR permitted the import of wheel sets up until 2017, and 30-40 per cent originated from China.However, as a result of the border issues in 2017, the Government has banned all imports from China and ordered that wheel sets can only be bought from RWF.Another reason was ensure that RWF's growing capacity was utilised to the best extent possible. However, it has allowed the private sector to import wheel sets after the tender to acquire 90,000 wagons and authorised RWF to only supply wheels to the wagons it had purchased as RWF's capacity increased.“The biggest bottleneck for all wagon manufacturers is currently the availability of wheels and axles from RWF, Bengaluru, whose capacity is limited and may not be able to fulfil the requirement to meet such a huge order,” Sanjiv Garg, Managing Director, Pipavav Railway Corporation Ltd, says candidly. “Further, imports from Ukraine and other European countries are not an option currently due to the ongoing war, leaving China as the only source. In fact, in the case of privately owned BLCS/BLSS wagons, the supply has been severely affected during the last two years as RWF has not been able to produce wheels of 840 mm diameter. Only very recently, since January 2023, a limited supply of 840 mm diameter wheels has been resumed from RWF, which has been exclusively reserved for internal use of wagon repair depots.”He continues, “However, the bigger challenge faced by IR will happen once the additional 90,000 wagons are inducted into the operational fleet (currently about 3 lakh plus) and with the plan to generate capacity for their maintenance. Rolling stock maintenance is only done inhouse departmentally, although rail users have been seeking at least part outsourcing to the private sector. Unless the private sector is roped in to assist in wagon maintenance, the utilisation of the additional wagon fleet will remain suboptimal.”Pricing effectOwing to the price of steel and the supply and demand situation, the price difference for wheel sets has reached Rs 4 lakh per wagon. When the difference in imported wheel sets and the increase in the price of steel are added, the effect on a wagon is almost to the tune of 35-40 per cent. Wagons have previously been leased by the Indian Railways Financial Corporation (IRFC), IR's financing section. Because it is a sovereign-backed institution, IRFC can obtain funds from the market at advantageous rates. Due to the recent increase in bond yields, which would impact the cost of borrowing for IRFC, this is also starting to become a restriction.Because of the high asset prices and the increased cost of borrowing, the lease fees IR will pay IRFC for leasing the wagons will increase. The rising lease charges would increase IR's operating expenses even more. This could eventually lead to IR being forced to increase tariffs or haulage charges, which would harm not just the competitiveness of rail transport and IR's primary goal of increasing modal share but also the Government's efforts to reduce the cost of logistics for the manufacturing and agricultural sectors.For his part, Vivek Lohia, Managing Director, Jupiter Wagons Ltd, says, “The Government has been promoting private entrepreneurs, investors and enterprises to join hands with multi-facility and multi-engineering skills. The private sector will be clear on how much they will require to alter, and the kind of resources needed to bring in the necessary developments to the supply chain. This can be seen across the industry worldwide, including companies in India. Industry players are trying to emerge with railway wagons and work around their manufacturing facilities. Jupiter Wagons is actively considering fructifying the Make in India scheme by promoting and actually effecting manufacture of rail-wheel sets in India with both foreign and domestic companies.”Over the next three years, IR expects to buy roughly 90,000 wagons and 400 Vande Bharat trains in addition to the 7,000 LHB coaches that would be purchased in the current fiscal year.Sustainable MobilityThe railways have been the backbone of India, acting as the wheels of progress for the citizens and the economy.The capacity expansion of current rail infrastructure and development of new infrastructure present a variety of opportunities and constraints. Increasingly, the Indian rail industry has to develop indigenous technology and innovative potential to produce smart solutions for safety, security, connection, seamless operation and sustainability to address the many difficulties that lie ahead.One such effort to increase train safety is the automatic train protection system, Kavach, developed exclusively by the Indian Railways (IR). Additionally, IR is one of the few railway systems worldwide that has pledged to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2030. This is a bold move towards creating an effective, self-sufficient, economical and modern carrier of passengers and freight services providers to meet the expanding needs of the new India.“There is a need for higher speed and safety, both in freight and passenger movement,” affirms Chirag Sethi, Business Head, Rail-Traction and Power Solutions, Delta Electronics India. “This is leading to the requirement for locomotives with a higher tractive effort and modern signalling equipment and systems like train collision avoidance systems, crew voice and video recording systems, and so on. The second key focus seems to be on providing modern amenities for customers, which include station modernisation initiatives, providing services like Wi-Fi, passenger information systems, ticketing systems and CCTV and safety systems. The third trend and focus is towards energy-efficient solutions to achieve the goal of net zero.”Getting electrifiedThe target of 100 per cent electrification may or may not be achieved, and is also not very critical as it will have minimal impact on the overall operational efficiency of IR. This is primarily because IR will be forced to continue to operate diesel locomotives under wire for at least the next five years,owing to non-availability of an adequate number of electric locomotives and concomitant maintenance facilities throughout the network. Moreover, the codal life of existing diesel locomotives will not be completed so soon and IR will have to willy-nilly continue to operate them for lack of any other use, as condemning such a large number of diesel locomotives much before completion of their codal life would be terribly expensive, despite the high price of imported fossil fuel used by them.“The newly established diesel loco factory at Marhowrah in Bihar is a joint venture of GE Transportation of the US with IR for the production of 1,000 high-power freight locomotives over a period of 10 years designed to run on Indian railway tracks,” points out Sanjiv Garg, Managing Director, Pipavav Railway Corporation Ltd. “The company is also settingup two maintenance depots at Gandhidham in Gujarat and Roza in Uttar Pradesh. What will happen to these high-technology newly produced diesel locomotives (committed for purchase of 1,000 locos by IR in the next 10 years), is not clear to anyone.”That said, electrification is the way ahead and is an area where IR has performed well. “It has significantly brought down the cost of energy required for moving trains, besides bringing down the dependence of country on HSD oil, which needs to be imported,” observes Lalit Chandra Trivedi, Ex General Manager, Railways.“Further benefits will accrue in the future when the Indian electricity grid is supported by renewable sources of energy. Electric traction has also enabled induction of high horsepower locomotives, which can haul heavier trains at higher speeds in graded sections.”Electrification updateIR electrified 58,812 route km (rkm) till March 31, 2023, which is about 90 per cent of the total broad-gauge network (65,300 rkm).Of a total of 58,812 rkm, the Central Organisation for Railway Electrification (CORE) has carried out electrification work of 45,912 rkm, which is roughly 78 per cent of the electrification work of the entire IR.CORE, along with other organisations, has planned to electrify the entire broad-gauge network routes of IR by December 2023.The pace of electrification has gathered momentum in the last few years; since 2014, a record 37,011 rkmhas been electrified against electrification of 3,874 rkm from 2007-14.Remarkably, of the total 58,812 rkmelectrified so far on a pan-India basis, 50 per cent has been electrified during the past five years.Smart movesWhile the moment is right to invest in IR’s entire digital and infrastructure transformation, it is equally crucial to automate the process and make technology a central component of delivery.Sharing his views on strategies to be adopted by industry for reliable and efficient power supply, Sethi says, “We see the railways being receptive to adoption of the latest technologies. This has also encouraged industry to bring state-of-the-art technology for deployment in railway infrastructure. Design and project management consultants with international experience and expertise working with mainline and metro operators also guide and share best practices and the latest technologies for adoption in India. This has given an opportunity to a company like Delta Electronics to bring in its global technology and manufacture and offer the same locally in India. We have a strong presence in the Indian rail infrastructure market, offering our solutions for automation, video walls, power quality, UPS and EV charging solutions.”IR’s objectives100 per cent electrificationIncrease in freight share to 45 per centNet-zero carbon emissionImprovement of haulage capacityIntelligent systemIt is getting simpler to overcome obstacles as the railway network becomes more digitalised. In terms of production, design, network effectiveness, punctuality, infrastructure, services, customer experience, safety and maintenance, digital technology has improved IR’s operations. Further, the Government has pushed for the creation of novel technologies, goods and technical solutions through incentivising and supporting entrepreneurs and innovators. While IR still has some obstacles to overcome before achieving the total transformation it seeks, the movement made thus far is encouraging.“One of the main benefits of intelligent transport systems is their ability to utilise real-time data to optimise operations,” says Sethi. “By using sensors and other monitoring technologies, these systems can collect and analyse data on traffic patterns, weather conditions and other factors that impact transportation. This data can then be used to make more informed decisions about routing, scheduling and other aspects of transportation management, leading to reduced congestion and improved travel times.”