There has been a lot of debate in recent times about the need for the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) to focus on asset monetisation and tap alternate funding avenues viz. toll-operate-transfer (TOT) and infrastructure investment trusts (InvITs) given the huge funding requirement for the ongoing Bharatmala Pariyojana programme. ICRA, in its earlier observation on this subject, has already highlighted the importance of speeding up the TOT awards and other fund-raising initiatives to meet the large funding requirements of the ambitious programme. However, the progress on both these fronts has been slow till date. To add to this, the share of the build-operate-transfer (BOT) (Toll) projects in the overall awards has declined sharply (being made primarily through the EPC/hybrid annuity mode); thereby increasing the financial burden on the NHAI. To overcome this, the NHAI may revert to the BOT (Toll) mode of project awarding. According to ICRA, the risk-sharing is not balanced enough, giving rise to the need to devise a new one.

In the past, what made NHAI shift away from BOT (Toll) to BOT (HAM)? With stressed balance sheets many developers shied away from BOT (Toll) projects. Until FY2014, the mode of project award was determined based on the waterfall mechanism that explored BOT (Toll) first followed by BOT (HAM) and then EPC depending on the traffic density along the project stretch. This process slowed down the awards due to weak private sector participation. Thus, in the absence of private sector participation, shifting to EPC mode and restarting the award process was time consuming which was primary reason for low awards in FY2013 and FY2014. This process was subsequently scrapped, the committee headed by Secretary of Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) now decides on the mode (BOT/EPC) of project awards. One of the reasons why BOT (HAM) was successful in attracting private sector participation was due to low upfront equity requirements when compared to conventional BOT projects.

On increasing financial burden for NHAI, compliance to the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (RFCTLARR) has led to increase in compensation by four times the market value in rural areas and twice the market value in urban areas. This in turn has led to a steep increase in land acquisition cost to upwards of Rs. 2.50 crore per hectare currently (as against Rs. 0.90 crore per hectare in FY2014). Land acquisition cost alone accounts for more than 30% of the total expenses of NHAI. Further, with around 90-92% of the awards over last few years through engineering procurement and construction (EPC, wherein NHAI has to fund 100% upfront) and BOT (HAM, wherein NHAI has to fund 40% upfront and remaining 60% over a period of 15 years) modes, the financial burden on NHAI has continued to remain high. The total debt for NHAI has increased by more than 2.4 times to Rs.1.79 lakh crore as on March 31, 2019 from Rs. 75,385 crore as on March 31, 2017.

In this context, NHAI is left with two options – a) to go slow on project awards or b) increase the mix of BOT (Toll) awards. Given the ambitious targets of Bharatmala programme, NHAI will be required to increase the mix of BOT (Toll) awards.

On NH awards and execution, awards were at a five-year low in FY2019 at 5,493 km (68% lower than 17,055 km awarded in FY2018) as against the target of 20,000 km for MoRTH. This was largely due to land acquisition related challenges and the general elections. However, execution remained healthy at 10,855 km in FY2019; around 10% higher than FY2018. The execution target for FY2020 has been set at 11,000 km.